12/6/2023 0 Comments Ocean waves storm![]() ![]() Long-time series of global sea-state observations are also becoming increasingly important to analyze the impact of climate change on our environment. In turn, these predictive models are used to guarantee safe, efficient, and successful offshore operations, including the commercial shipping and energy sector, as well as tourism and coastal activities. For operational applications, observations of surface parameters are necessary on the one hand to constrain the numerical solutions of predictive models (numerical wave, oceanic, or atmospheric models), and on the other hand to validate their results. Waves and surface currents also impact sediment transport and erosion in coastal areas. Secondly, ocean surface currents combined with wind- and wave- induced drift contribute to the transport of heat, salt, and pollutants. Firstly, surface wind, waves, and currents are significant factors influencing exchanges at the air/sea interface, impacting oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers, contributing to sea level rise at the coasts, and interacting with the sea-ice formation or destruction in the polar zones. The richness and diversity of these applications are linked to the importance of knowledge of the sea state in many fields. Numerous examples and references on the use of these observations for scientific and operational applications are then given. The principles on which is based on the estimation of the sea surface parameters are first described, including the performance and limitations of each method. They are either specifically designed to monitor surface parameters or are used for their abilities to provide opportunistic measurements complementary to their primary purpose. Sensors used to monitor the sea-state parameters from space are mainly based on microwave techniques. The development of observations of sea state parameters from space dates back to the 1970s, with a significant increase in the number and diversity of space missions since the 1990s. This review paper reports on the state-of-the-art concerning observations of surface winds, waves, and currents from space and their use for scientific research and subsequent applications. ![]()
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