12/3/2023 0 Comments Nj lockdown againChina banned travel out of heavily affected cities and implemented lockdowns on millions of residents (Fang, Wang, & Yang, 2020 Kraemer et al., 2020), Italy implemented quarantines in a few towns in the north before expanding those restrictions nationwide (Paterlini, 2020), and other countries also moved quickly to identify the options for slowing the rate of new infections, whether through national edicts or locally imposed rules. The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic required a rethinking of the options for controlling the spread of a pathogen within borders and across borders (Cohen & Kupferschmidt, 2020). Quarantine measures imposed inequitably, without transparency, or for longer than strictly necessary may raise ethical concerns about human rights violations (Passaro, 2018 Wynia, 2007). Quarantine often occurs at home, but it is also legal to confine quarantined individuals at another location. Quarantine may also be applied to secondary contacts, who are individuals known to have had contact with a primary contact of a case. Quarantine is usually applied to primary contacts, defined as individuals who are known to have had contact with a case. This approach is generally referred to as quarantine, and it typically involves healthy contacts of infected individuals being required to stay away from others until they become ill (at which time they may be considered to be under isolation rather than being quarantined) or enough time has passed that there is no risk that they are contagious even in the absence of symptoms (Parmet & Sinha, 2020). Isolation protocols in hospitals may require patients to be treated in negative pressure rooms, and personnel who enter the treatment room may need to wear full protective gear, including gloves, gowns, eye protection, and face masks or shields.Ī second option is to restrict the movements of apparently healthy contacts of infected individuals so that those individuals will not be at risk of infecting others if there is a period of contagiousness before the onset of symptoms. Measures used to prevent individuals who have a confirmed diagnosis of an infectious disease from infecting caregivers, other health‐care staff, and other patients have typically been described as isolation (Wilder‐Smith & Freedman, 2020). One way to reduce contacts is to separate infectious individuals from the general population. Some forms of “social distancing” or “physical distancing” may be voluntary, but others may be mandated by governments and enforceable by law. During an epidemic or a pandemic of an infectious disease, public health prevention and control interventions may include restrictions on local and international travel and trade (Jacobsen, 2018). For contagious infections, one of the most valuable NPIs is limiting the number of contacts between potentially infected individuals and those who might be susceptible to the pathogen. The public health measures used to prevent and control the transmission of infectious diseases include a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). The pandemic led to large decreases in mobility even in states without legal restrictions on travel, but statewide orders were effective public health policy tools for reducing human movement below the level achieved through voluntary behavior change. Similarly, there were fewer routing requests received by Apple in large cities for public transportation, walking, and driving, with a 10 percentage point greater mean reduction in metropolitan areas under statewide stay‐at‐home orders. The mean decrease in visitation rates across destination categories was about 30 percent in states without stay‐at‐home orders and 40 percent in states with stay‐at‐home orders. Based on Google mobility data, every state had substantially fewer visits to transit stations, retail and recreation facilities, workplaces, grocery stores, and pharmacies by the end of March 2020 than in the previous two months. Many jurisdictions enacted stay‐at‐home orders (also called shelter‐in‐place orders, safer‐at‐home orders, or lockdowns) when SARS‐CoV‐2 began spreading in the United States.
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